I take it is due to automation, mostly. Every single website that has some sort of user-contributed content, forums, source code repository, social media, anything that has comment or upload capability of any kind whatsoever is being bombarded by a massive torrent of crap, and hn is no exception. The internet has no good defense against it, therefore people have to resort to captchas, geoblocking, shadow banning, proof-of-work portal solutions, cloudflare (eek!) and adjusting detection thresholds "just right" so things feel usable.
Hat's off to the mod staff, things feel "alright" even with the current situation.