" In this paper, we set out to fill this critical gap, focusing on real-world native code bugs in native Python applications (i.e., software written in Python and C as primary languages, a.k.a Python-C software). We start by collecting and labeling the first set of 1,039 automatically mined and then manually confirmed native-bug-fixing commits from 200 Python-C projects on GitHub. "

I have serious doubt about this study. It's does not meet crucial reproducible research criteria. And most real-world Python-C Application are not FOSS and available on a public repository. But doing research on public repository is easy.

This paper focuses solely on public repositories. This is harmful and fuels the inaccurate perception that open-source software is inherently buggy, a view still promoted by commercial vendors and adopted by many managers worldwide.