As a meta-comment on the topic, something I have noticed is that there still exists confusion what it means to use theorem provers for projects -- the other day I read a tweet from Paradigm, a crypto-VC now seemingly AI-pilled. Some LP of theirs had made a Lean 4 formalization of the Ethereum's virtual machine. The tweet said this would have cost like $150k in API tokens ("would have", as in, I guess they get theirs for free), and took a week of inference time for an LLM to produce. I somehow got distracted to actually take a look at the code, which I found rather light on theorems. Nor did the project make use of Batteries or Mathlib which are arguably the one of the strongest motivation for me personally to use Lean4. That is, I generally rather rely on someone else getting the category theory and algebraic structures right, which then leaves me the proof obligation to show the correspondence with whatever toy I'm working on. Here I'm fine to use LLMs for proof search, very similar to how would I use a SMT solver. But what I have found is that the language models have to be really coerced into using these libraries, because otherwise the models much rather overfit and overclaim a solution with a 3 minute inference task rather than attempt to fulfill the proof obligations over 3 hours. And I feel nauseated when I need to convince the LLM (I use Claude) that filling the proof obligation is for "academic exercise" or because I'm coerced into doing so, because otherwise it will come up with reasons of its own why it does not want to do it. Now, this happens under the mental model in which I'm interested in finding equivalences with prior work. Many LLM generated Lean code reads more as if someone was interested whether X can be turned into a Lean 4 program, which is mostly yes, and that in general is a positive thing. But, if you are not interested in refinement types and theorems, why not just choose Haskell? The point is, I strongly sense that unless you have good questions to ask, then that's very evident in these languages. And, this is something the LLM won't help you -- if you don't impose a proof obligation for it, it certainly will not try to go the extra mile to conjure one for you.

This is really cool stuff, and I agree the future is likely to look more like this. I was surprised by the last two paragraphs ("Aside: verified assembly") -- my understanding was that this future is basically already here. I believe agl's colleagues at Google have already deployed some auto-mutated verified assembly versions of some crypto routines, based on the Fiat Crypto + CryptOpt work (https://arxiv.org/pdf/2211.10665), both involving Andres Erbsen who I think is currently at Google before starting a professorship soon. I dunno if this work would count as "cheap" (it looks like Fig. 10 unfolds over the course of a day) but spending a day auto-exploring many verified-correct machine code implementations of the same routine to find the fastest one (which you then ship forever) doesn't seem impractically expensive either.

I agree with the core thesis that LLMs + theorem provers might make formal methods cheap enough to be practical in software development.

The biggest issue was always cost. But there's still an alignment problem. Without human supervision, things might drift away from the original specification and intent.

From my own experience, what works best is some kind of Hoare/separation logic (contracts), as these are quite easy to follow and decompose.

Even something as simple as a minimal Haskell subset, plus a bit of LiquidHaskell, can get you really far if you are pragmatic.

> We now have LLMs which, combined with proof irrelevance, promise to be an extremely capable form of proof automation. With sufficient amounts of automation perhaps you don't need to worry about proof engineering nearly so much. You still need to avoid blowing up the type checker but, in my limited tests, LLMs can avoid that. Potentially, LLMs suddenly make dependent-type systems dramatically more practical.

When I've used interactive proof systems like Roq, I'd often kinda code myself into a hole by cutting along the wrong axes and not specifying my problem in a way that's easy to prove. After all, this is just like in math: you really want to cut at a problem the right way to get to the easy proof.

I think people are discounting how important that decision making is. It's not just about whether an LLM can churn through specific proof strategies on a problem, but also about how to pose the problem etc.

I'm not saying LLMs can't help, but I think it's less that "proof engineering is not needed" and more that "when these tools are used in the right way, proof engineering is easier". Because at the end of the day these tools work well when they have the right kind of foundations in the first place

> AWS made LNSym: a semantics and simulator for AArch64. That's cool. Perhaps we could use it to show equivalence between an optimised assembly implementation of some functions, and their Lean counterparts, and then use the assembly code at run-time? Then we could let LLMs rip at optimisation and they couldn't introduce any functional bugs. Verified assembly is well-trodden in crypto implementations, but perhaps now it could be cheap?

Trying to one-shot compcert might be hard! Thinking about it and planning it out might make it easier though...