The ability to differentiate good and bad architectures seems to be a lost art because to build this ability you need to have enough experience (e.g. the discussion in "The Mythical Man-Month"). Most software developers today have had no experience designing even a single system and many systems are often a random assortment of stuff thrown together by people without enough experience. What I call the "sort of works" architecture. It has big gaps but it sort of works and so there is continuous investment in trying to make it good, which is often a waste of time. You've lumped a bunch of stuff together to build something and now you're stuck with it.
AI as it is right now is probably a driver to make this worse because it makes it so much easier to throw random stuff together.
My own inclinations here are that it would be good to have as few different technologies as possible. To run things on as few different machines as possible and to have automated tests for everything. The thing is that as soon as there are multiple technologies you get to have different people specializing in them and it is always the communications between those that becomes painful. The automated tests are there to prevent fear of change setting in. I think I am kind of advocating what is called a 'big ball of mud' but that I want it to be a transparent ball of mud because of automated testing. I guess what I am saying is that I distrust most developments in so-called application architecture of the last few decades except automated tests. In particular, I think frameworks and microservices are mostly just bad.
- High quality (e.g. low number of issues hit by customers, resilient to failures, efficient, secure etc.)
- Easy to maintain (well organized, broken down in a sensible way into components or layers)
- Easy to extend/adapt to future requirements (i.e. the designer was able to anticipate the likely direction of the system and account for that in the design)
Automated testing feels a bit orthogonal to me but a system that is easy to test is likely one with a better architecture. It's not strictly part of what I'd call architecture.
Less different technologies - YES!
Runs on fewer machines is a sign of an efficient/performant design. Less well designed systems exhibit bloat that is often made up for by running on more machines.
[0] https://iso25000.com/index.php/en/iso-25000-standards/iso-25...
(E.g. If you have problems hiring for a weird stack, it increases hiring cost; you have problems with dependency zoo maintenance it increases costs; if it took a year to build a framework that could've been a bash script, it increased the cost)
Every other architecture “metric” should be useful/convenient proxy towards reducing overall cost.
There is a lot buried in this question but it can help sus out if the rules in place allow the challenges the system faces today or if it is antiquated in how it views the world it operates in. Good and bad can be related to time and context but like many things in software, it needs to be able to change and sometimes that change requires the willingness to start from scratch with new assumptions.
Attributes like mix of languages, system/task ownership, specialization are symptoms that an architecture may want to enable or discourage but are symptoms, not measures of quality. Automated testing and how much that influences your software design is more aligned with the culture of the organization and how it treats code than it is the arrangement of subsystems it is built on.
In my opinion, good architecture should be easy to extend, easy to scale (up and down), easy to reproduce. Microservice architectures are easy to scale, but usually hard to reproduce (any amount of config per service adds up a lot) and can be very hard to extend too (any changes to one service might ripple to many others, with knock-on effects)
One of my biggest red flags for a bad architecture is if you cannot easily create a (preferably localhost) development environment for it. I think this is where a lot of microservice based projects stumble. It leads to a lot of brittleness and a very siloed development team in my experience. Replacing what should be a library call or DB query with a network request to another service (which then has to query the DB for you) is a certain kind of lunacy.
Frameworks that are very opinionated are also very bad in my opinion. Depending how strict they are if you're doing anything even remotely unexpected you will butt up against the limitations of the framework often. That's annoying to me, I prefer to build my own stuff.
My experience has been the opposite: affordable slop makes me way more conscious about architecture because bad patterns become useless exponentially quicker.
Thanks to LLMs.
Before LLMs even if the architecture principles were simple and clear, distilled into templates + codegens added for boilerplate / skeleton generation ... It was impossible to follow them on the long run. Devs tried their best, but on the long run everything eroded and there were no resources for refactoring.
Now, with coding agents, I was able to create a production grade app following a similar architecture to Presentation Domain Data Layering, from this article.
Now the codebase is 100% uniform both in content (code) and structure (files and folders). It's like being written by a single person. Finding a specific file takes a second with no cognitive load. Editing a file is straightforward since every file follows a specific template.
LLMs have benefits and drawbacks, and in this case their help is enormous.
This absolutely relates to architecture. If your system is designed such that any given feature fits in an obvious place, using obvious patterns, with obvious ways to test it... 90% of the time a coding agent will be able to do exactly the right thing from a single, short prompt.
This also makes code review so much less taxing - if the solution is obvious, reviewing and checking that the agent followed that obvious path takes much less time than if you're trying to untangle something a lot more complicated.
My prompt is ... "We are implementing the X feature. We are at step 6. Plan first"
Then the agent spits out identical plans then identical code for every feature.
1. How do you organize your architecture files so that agents know where to find and update architectural info? E.g. everything in one big file, or sharded per module/subsystem with an AGENTS.md for discoverability, or something else?
2. What gets templated? What do your template files contain or look like?
3. How do you get the LLMs to actually slot something into the right place? E.g. a problem I repeatedly run into is the LLM weakening abstraction boundaries. I have to explicitly tell it things such as "No, this is obviously a UI-specific endpoint that belongs on the BFF rather than on the business logic focused backend API." Of course it gets better as I add more examples and rules each time I catch something dumb, but it sounds like you're avoiding this problem altogether with good architecture. How are you doing that?
4. It sounds like you have some sort of workflow that is standardized yet still generalizable enough to cover the generic case of new feature development on the system. How is that possible? What can you share about this flow?
Ultimately any useful documentation needs active curation.
Getting devs to do this well is hard. Agents can be driven to do a fair job through suitable prompt frameworks and repetition eg as PR reviewers.
I’ve had reasonable success with a combination of space dimensions structured requirements and component based indexes and time dimensions of decision records and commits.
Also a strong design model to give common structure - hex arch with ports and adapters and pure business logic.
YMMV
If you want a "software architecture guide", you'd be better off examining software written by the likes of Linus Torvalds, Richard Stallman, Brian Kernighan, Dennis Ritchie, etc.
Agents & humans can’t commit, or stop work, unless they’ve passed all lint checks. Passing the linter requires complying with the architecture. Now architecture violations can’t creep in and entrench themselves - they have to be fixed upfront. Code review is free from worries about architecture too.
Start by having your agent install some import-linter rules. When you hit its limits, have your agent write a custom AST-based checker (a short python script will do) that can look for imports that violate your rules. Resist its attempts to add a `# noqa: imports` escape hatch, because future agents will gleefully abuse that and you’ll be back to human in the loop (ask me how I know!)
The goal is codification.
Writing down knowledge as verifiable invariants. The more that is codified, the less context you need. And that means you can be fearless.
Seems familiar!
> Concentrating on high internal quality... is a rarer case, as it requires a skilled and disciplined team to make it happen. But we do occasionally see it.
Vibecoding vs. agentic coding. Same tools used different ways. Very different outcomes.
This was one of the 3 core values in the best company I ever worked for. One I would never leave, if the region was not heading for a disaster.
Good architecture transcends the software: enables people to be their best, evolve the software to better match the reality of its reason for existence.
In an effective organization, people constantly exceed their own expectations. They debate alternatives, understanding the reality of momentum, but aiming for an infinitely long living product.
They identify the "main problem", find ways to best solve that.
A good architecture does not do much more than what's needed, but avoid unnecessary assumptions that would block future development.
It is vague, philosophical, pragmatic, challenging, rewarding.
I'd like to suggest that at least some of the problems associated with the term, for example the pomposity, are rooted in the "separation from programming" that is not just a suggestion, but an unfortunate fact of architecture today.
And I would further suggest that we could improve the situation if we could actually express our architectures in our programs, in our programming languages. Then software architecture wouldn't just be "deeply intertwined with programming", as it must be, but actually be part of programming and part of the program.
And once the architecture becomes part of the program, it becomes part of our feedback loops. My experience is that feedback loops are a good antidote to pomposity and great for building/evolving systems.
To do that, though, we have to retreat from this idea that software architecture must be fuzzy, an idea that IMNSHO is just a cope for the current sad state of affairs. We have pretty good definitions of architecture (connectors and components, systems, architectural styles, etc.), let's start using them in earnest and in our programs.
Is architecture operations?