I think that liability may be the better analog for Schuld as it also has the liable<=>schuldig form and carries more of the connotation of guilt.
Schuld is debt or guilt. I understand it as the outcome of liability, not as liability itself.
Another aspect which was too long for me to type on my phone earlier is that debt/Schuld is backward looking while liability/Pflicht is forward looking.
So while debt is incurred through past actions, what matters from an operational business perspective is your liability, i.e. your obligation for future payments/value transfers.
In english speaking business practice, debt and liability seemt to be used interchangeably. I have never used German in a professional setting and am only familiar with the colloquial usage of Schuld and Pflicht so I would be interested to hear how those differences play out in German business use.