- Something like DGX QSFP link (200Gb/s, 400Gb/s) instead of TB5. Otherwise, the economies of this RDMA setup, while impressive, don't make sense.
- Neural accelerators to get prompt prefill time down. I don't expect RTX 6000 Pro speeds, but something like 3090/4090 would be nice.
- 1TB of unified memory in the maxed out version of Mac Studio. I'd rather invest in more RAM than more devices (centralized will always be faster than distributed).
- +1TB/s bandwidth. For the past 3 generations, the speed has been 800GB/s...
- The ability to overclock the system? I know it probably will never happen, but my expectation of Mac Studio is not the same as a laptop, and I'm TOTALLY okay with it consuming +600W energy. Currently it's capped at ~250W.
Also, as the OP noted, this setup can support up to 4 Mac devices because each Mac must be connected to every other Mac!! All the more reason for Apple to invest in something like QSFP.
/"s"
It's all a long game, folks. Play it long.
In what ways? The only switching I've seen is away from desktop memory.
If you meant glut of memory suitable for datacenter GPUs, I don't expect that nearly so soon. That market can absorb extra chips pretty easily unless we see a really harsh pop really soon.
We have always had a ram shortage. We’ve also always been at war with eastasia.
M4 already hit the necessary speed per channel, and M5 is well above it. If they actually release an Ultra that much bandwidth is guaranteed on the full version. Even the smaller version with 25% fewer memory channels will be pretty close.
We already know Max won't get anywhere near 1TB/s since Max is half of an Ultra.
I don't think the Mac Studio has a thermal design capable of dissipating 650W of heat for anything other than bursty workloads. Need to look at the Mac Pro design for that.
Overclocking long ago was an amazing saintly act, milking a lot of extra performance that was just there waiting, without major downsides to take. But these days, chips are usually already well tuned. You can feed double or tripple the power into the chip with adequate cooling, but the gain is so unremarkable. +10% +15% +20% is almost never going to be a make or break difference for your work, and doing so at double or triple the power budget is an egregious waste.
So many of the chips about are already delivered at way higher than optimum efficiency, largely for bragging rights. The exponential decay of efficiency you keep pushing for is an anti-quest, is against good. The absolute performance wins are ridiculous to seek. In almost all cases.
If your problem will not scale and dumping a ton of power into one GPU or one cpu socket is all you got, fine, your problem is bad and you have to deal with that. But for 90% of people, begging for more power proces you don't actually know jack & my personal recommendation is that all such points of view deserve massive down voting by anyone with half a brain.
Go back to 2018 and look at Matthew Dillon on DragobflyBSD underpowering the heck out of their 2990wx ThreadRipper. Efficiency just soars as you tell the chip to take less power. The situation has not improved! Efficiency skyrockets today at least as much as it did then by telling chips not to go all out. Good chips behave & reward. I believe Apple competent enough to thoroughly disabuse this position that this chip would be far better if we could dump 2x 3x more power into it. Just a fools position, beyond a joke, imo. https://apollo.backplane.com/DFlyMisc/threadripper.txt
Back when you bought a 233 Mhz chip with ram at 66 Mhz, ran the bus at 100 Mhz which also increased your ram speed if it could handle it, and everything was faster.
> But these days, chips are usually already well tuned. You can feed double or tripple the power into the chip with adequate cooling, but the gain is so unremarkable. +10% +15% +20% is almost never going to be a make or break difference for your work
20% in synthetic benchmarks maybe, or very particular loads. Because you only overclock the CPU these days so anything hitting the ram won't even go to 20%.
That's not how it works any more.
Many of these CPUs both at the high end and even a few tiers down from the top, are thermal throttling whenever they hit 100% utilization. I'm thinking of Intel's last couple generations particularly. They're shipped with pretty good heatsinks, but not nearly good enough to run stock clocks on all cores at once. Instead, smarter grades of thermal throttling are designed for for routine use to balance loads. Better heatsinks (and watercooling) help a bit, but not enough, you end up hitting a wall; Only the risky process of delidding seems to push further. We're running into limitations on how well a conventional heatsink can transfer the heat from a limited contact patch.
GPUs seem to have more effective heatsinks, and are bottlenecked mostly by power requirements. The 600 watt monsters are already melting cables that aren't in perfect condition.
Too lazy to figure out which cryptic setting is exact watts.
One of these days I'll configure the video card too.
I was actually looking for benchmarks earlier this week along those lines - ideally covering the whole slate of Arrow Lake processors running at various TDPs. Not much available on the web though.
I'd tweak individual GPUs' various clocks and volts to optimize this. I'd even go so far as to tweak fan speed ramps on the cards themselves (those fans don't power themselves! There's whole Watts to save there!).
I worked to optimize the efficiency of even the power from the wall.
But that was a system that ran, balls-out, 24/7/365.
Or at least it ran that way until it got warmer outside, and warmer inside, and I started to think about ways to scale mining eth in the basement vs. cooling the living space of the house to optimize returns. (And I never quite got that sorted before they pulled the rug on mining.)
And that story is about power efficiency, but: Power efficiency isn't always the most-sensible goal. Sometimes, maximum performance is a better goal. We aren't always mining Ethereum.
Jeff's (quite lovely) video and associated article is a story about just one man using a stack of consumer-oriented-ish hardware in amusing -- to him -- ways, with local LLM bots.
That stack of gear is a personal computer. (A mighty-expensive one on any inflation-adjusted timeline, but what was constructed was definitely used as a personal computer.)
Like most of our personal computers (almost certainly including the one you're reading this on), it doesn't need to be optimized for a 24/7 100% workload. It spends a huge portion of its time waiting for the next human input. And unlike mining Eth in the winter in Ohio: Its compute cycles are bursty, not constant, and are ultimately limited by the input of one human.
So sure: I, like Jeff, would also like to see how it would work when running with the balls[2] running further out. For as long as he gets to keep it, the whole rig is going to spend most of its time either idling or off, anyway. So it might as well get some work done when a human is in front of it, even if each token costs more in that configuration than it does OOTB.
It theoretically can even clock up when being actively-used (and suck all the power), and clock back down when idle (and resume being all sleepy and stuff).
That's a well-established concept that [eg] Intel has variously called SpeedStep and/or Turbo Boost -- and those things work for bursty workloads, and have worked in that way for a very long time now.
[1]: Y'all can hate me for being a small part of that problem. It's allowed.
My office-room was heated mostly by resistance, plus whatever gas-fired heat trickled in through the doorway.
I didn't have as much power available there as I had in the basement, but I had enough to mine a bit of crypto to supplement the resistance heater. :)
From one perspective: It was never directly profitable to do this. Other than eth, nothing has ever been profitable-enough for me to care about.
From another perspective: I was going to burn the energy anyway. The Joules cost the same and add the same amount of warmth either way, so I might as well get them with a side dish of free crypto.
Good times.
(These days, I transcode videos with Tdarr during the winter.)
anyone even remotely on the fence about whether or not they should bother with all this stuff, just read OP or read this tl;dr: the answer is no, it is not.
Or they are simply not-rich people who cannot afford to purchase extra hardware to run in parallel. Electricity is cheap. GPUs are not. So i want to get every ounce of power out of the precious few GPUs i can afford to own.
(And dont point at clouds. Running AI on someone else's cloud is like telling a shadetree mechanic to rent a car instead of fixing his owm.)
I do wonder where this limitation comes from, since on the M3 Ultra Mac Studios the front USB-C ports are also Thunderbolt 5, for a total of six Thunderbolt ports: https://www.apple.com/mac-studio/specs/
He also published the Benchmarks in Detail and with two/four Macs in Comparison: https://github.com/geerlingguy/beowulf-ai-cluster/issues/17
Wasn’t it loaned ie didn’t buy any at all?
Apple should have loaned enough to flex.
Though, I am always leery to recommend any decisions be made over something that's not already proven to work, so I would say don't bet on all ports being able to be used. They very well may be able to though.
Apple Neural Engine is a thing already, with support for multiply-accumulate on INT8 and FP16. AI inference frameworks need to add support for it.
> this setup can support up to 4 Mac devices because each Mac must be connected to every other Mac!!
Do you really need a fully connected mesh? Doesn't Thunderbolt just show up as a network connection that RDMA is ran on top of?
If you daisy chain four nodes, then traffic between nodes #1 and #4 eat up all of nodes #2 and #3's bandwidth, and you eat a big latency penalty. So, absent a switch, the fully connected mesh is the only way to have fast access to all the memory.
If you have 3 links per box, then you can set up 8 nodes with a max distance of 2 hops and an average distance of 1.57 hops. That's not too bad. It's pretty close to having 2 links each to a big switch.
Or, Apple could pay for the engineers to add it.
What is a computer?
(Although, I do hope with the new work on supporting RDMA, the MLX5 driver shipped with macOS will finally support RDMA for ConnectX NICs)
https://kittenlabs.de/blog/2024/05/17/25gbit/s-on-macos-ios/
By the time I left in ‘10 the total revenue from mac hardware was like 15% of revenue. Im honestly surprised theres anyone who cared enough to package the business services for mac minis.
So if everything else is printing cash for a HUGE addressable consumer market at premium price points why would they try and compete with their own ODMs on more-or-less commodity enterprise gear?
Requiring one for doing iOS development they were already back into the green.
Microsoft gave Apple $250 million. The next quarter Apple turned around and spent $100 million on PowerComputing’s Mac assets.
Apple lost over a billion more before it became profitable. The $150 Net wouldn’t have been make or break.
Now Microsoft promising to keep Office on the Mac was a big deal
Also you're forgetting the part that those announcements gave Apple a good marketing for additional credit from banks.
At one point, Microsoft was making more money on each Mac sold than Apple. Microsoft wasn’t doing it for charity. If it were, why did it do it before the agreement and continue to support Mac today?
Apple got credit from banks before either the announcement or Steve Jobs return.
I could count with my hand fingers how many Macs I have seen being used between being born in the 70's and 2000's, up to 10.
My university graduation project was porting a visualisation framework from NeXTSTEP into Windows, because already there the university could not see a future with NeXT.
The fact that people believe Apple's cash injection, not only from Microsoft, that allowed for a survival plan, including an acquisition, has nothing to with Apple escaping bankruptcy is kind of interesting.
And yes Excel was initially developed for Mac, and once upon a time there was Visual Studio for Mac with MFC.
Still, it was Microsoft paying developers to build such products for a dying platform.
It cost some. But famously Microsoft used byte code for Office that was portable and was dog slow around Office 5.
And it’s not my “believing”, it’s math. Apple lost far more than the net $150 million before it became popular.
This isn’t my reading the history books. My first computer was an Apple //e in 1986 and by 1993, I was following what was going on with Apple real time via Usenet and TidBits (been around since 1990) and I lied to get a free subscription to MacWeek.
Some of the machine-designs that consumers are able to buy seem to have a marked resemblance to the feature-set that the datacenter people were clamouring for. Just saying...
Have there been leaks or something about these internal machines? I am curious to know more.
I can see the dollar signs in their eyes right now.
Aftermarkets are a nice reflection of durable value, and there's a massive one for iPhones and a smaller one for quick flameout startup servers, but not much money in 5 - 7 year old servers.
They would need 3x speedup over the current generation to approach 3090. A100 that has +- the 3090 compute but 80GB VRAM (so fits LLaMA 70B) does prefill at 550tok/s on a single GPU: https://www.reddit.com/r/LocalLLaMA/comments/1ivc6vv/llamacp...
i'm not sure why anyone would buy a mac studio instead of a gb10 machine for this use case.
For an AI-only use case, the GB10s make sense, but they are only OK as desktop workstations, and I’m not sure for how long DGX OS will be updated, as dedicated AI machines have somewhat short lives. Apple computers, OTOH, have much longer lives, and desktops live the longest. I retired my Mac Mini a year after the machine was no longer getting OS updates, and it was still going strong.
This isn’t any different with QSFP unless you’re suggesting that one adds a 200GbE switch to the mix, which:
* Adds thousands of dollars of cost,
* Adds 150W or more of power usage and the accompanying loud fan noise that comes with that,
* And perhaps most importantly adds measurable latency to a networking stack that is already higher latency than the RDMA approach used by the TB5 setup in the OP.
https://www.bhphotovideo.com/c/product/1926851-REG/mikrotik_...
I did some digging to find the switching chip: Marvell 98DX7335
Seems confirmed here: https://cdn.mikrotik.com/web-assets/product_files/CRS812-8DS...
And here: https://cdn.mikrotik.com/web-assets/product_files/CRS812-8DS...
> Switch chip model 98DX7335
> Description: 32x50G / 16x100G-R2 / 8x100G-R4 / 8x200G-R4 / 4x400G-R8
> Bandwidth: 1600Gbps
Besides stuff like this switch they've also produced pretty cool little micro-switches you can PoE and run as WLAN hotspots, e.g. to distance your mobile user device from some network you don't really trust, or more or less maliciously bridge a cable network through a wall because your access to the building is limited.
Are the smaller 98DX7325 and 98DX7321 the same chip with fuses blown? I wouldn't be surprised.
The switch in question has eight 50Gb ports, and the switch silicon apparently supports configurations that use all of its lanes in groups of four to provide only 200Gb ports. So it might be possible with the right (non-standard) configuration on the switch to be able to use a four-way breakout cable to combine four of the 50Gb ports from the switch into a single 200Gb connection to a client device.
e.g. QSFP28 (100GbE) splits into 4x SFP28s (25GbE each), because QSFP28 is just 4 lanes of SFP28.
Same goes for QSFP112 (400GbE). Splits into SFP112s.
It’s OSFP that can be split in half, i.e. into QSFPs.
There's also splitting at the module level, for example I have a PCIe card that is actually a fully self hosted 6 port 100GB switch with it's own onboard Atom management processor. The card only has 2 MPO fiber connectors - but each has 12 fibers, which each can carry 25Gbps. You need a special fiber breakout cable but you can mix anywhere between 6 100GbE ports and 24 25Gbe ports.
https://www.silicom-usa.com/pr/server-adapters/switch-on-nic...
https://www.fs.com/products/101806.html
But all of this is pretty much irrelevant to my original point.
Put another way, see the graphs in the OP where he points out that the old way of clustering performs worse the more machines you add? I’d expect that to happen with 200GbE also.
And with a switch, it would likely be even worse, since the hop to the switch adds additional latency that isn’t a factor in the TB5 setup.
The 2019 i9 Macbook Pro has entered the chat.
Makes one wonder what apple uses for their own servers. I guess maybe they have some internal M-series server product they just haven’t bothered to release to the public, and features like this are downstream of that?
Or do they have some real server-grade product coming down the line, and are releasing this ahead of it so that 3rd party software supports it on launch day?
These machines are very much internal - you can cram a lot of M-series (to use the public nomenclature) chips onto a rack-sized PCB. I was never under the impression they were destined for anything other than Apple datacenters though...
As I mentioned above, it seems to me there's a couple of feature that appeared on the customer-facing designs that were inspired by what the datacenter people wanted on their own PCB boards.
That they use INTERNALLY for their servers? I could certainly see this being useful for that.
Mostly I think this is just to get money from the AI boom. They already had TB5, it’s not like this was costing them additional hardware. Just some time that probably paid off on their internal model training anyway.
Given up is not a given. A lot of the exec team has been changing.
https://cottonbureau.com/p/4RUVDA/shirt/mac-pro-believe-dark...
If I was in charge of a business, and I’m an Apple fan, I wouldn’t touch them. I’d have no faith they’re in it for the long term. I think that would be a common view.
https://security.apple.com/blog/private-cloud-compute/
https://www.apple.com/newsroom/in-the-loop/2025/10/shipping-...
Apple datacenters are mainly compute, other than the storage you need to run the compute efficiently.
I guess they prefer that third parties deal with that. There’s rack mount shelves for Mac Minis and Studios.
- Why is the tooling so lame ?
- What do they, themselves, use internally ?
Stringing together mac minis (or a "Studio", whatever) with thunderbolt cables ... Christ.
https://developer.apple.com/documentation/macos-release-note...
Which I'm sure you saw in literally yesterday's thread about the exact same thing.
But I mostly want to say thanks for everything you do. Your good vibes are deeply appreciated and you are an inspiration.
"Next I tested llama.cpp running AI models over 2.5 gigabit Ethernet versus Thunderbolt 5"
Results from that graph showed only a ~10% benefit from TB5 vs. Ethernet.
Note: The M3 studios support 10Gbps ethernet, but that wasn't tested. Instead it was tested using 2.5Gbps ethernet.
If 2.5G ethernet was only 10% slower than TB, how would 10G Ethernet have fared?
Also, TB5 has to be wired so that every CPU is connected to every other over TB, limiting you to 4 macs.
By comparison, with Ethernet, you could use a hub & spoke configuration with a Ethernet switch, theoretically letting you use more than 4 CPUs.
RDMA is always going to have lower overhead than Ethernet isn’t it?
It would be great to have this for those cheap Strix Halo boxes with 128GB quad channel DDR5-8000 for using two or three of them with their 2 USB4 ports (which are Thunderbolt capable) to fit larger models.
Is TB still encumbered by licensing requirements causing this lack of use?
I would have expected that going from one node (which can't hold the weights in RAM) to two nodes would have increased inference speed by more than the measured 32% (21.1t/s -> 27.8t/s).
With no constraint on RAM (4 nodes) the inference speed is less than 50% faster than with only 512GB.
Am I missing something?
You'd need to be in a weirdly compute-limited situation before you can replace significant amounts of RAM with SSD, unless I'm missing something big.
> MoE architecture should help quite a bit here.
In that you're actually using a smaller model and swapping between them less frequently, sure.
MoEs is great for distributed deployments, because you can maintain a distribution of experts that matches your workload, and you can try to saturate each expert and thereby saturate each node.
With a cluster of two 512GB nodes, you have to send half the weights (350GB) over a TB5 connection. But you have to do this exactly once on startup.
With a single 512GB node, you'll be loading weights from disk each time you need a different expert, potentially for each token. Depending on how many experts you're loading, you might be loading 2GB to 20GB from disk each time.
Unless you're going to shut down your computer after generating a couple of hundred tokens, the cluster wins.
I don't think that's true. At least not without heavy performance loss in which case "just be memory mapped" is doing a lot of work here.
By that logic GPUs could run models much larger than their VRAM would otherwise allow, which doesn't seem to be the case unless heavy quantization is involved.
The IRIX OS even had functionality to migrate kobs and theor working memory closer to each other to lower the latency of access.
We see echoes of this when companies like high-frequency traders pay attention to motherboard layouts and co-locate and pin the PTS (proprietary trading systems) processes to specific cores based on which DIMMs are on which side of the memory controller.
- the mysterious disappearance of Exo
- Jeff wants something like SMB Direct but for the Mac. Wait what? SMB Direct is a thing, wha?? I always thought networked storage was untrustworthy.
- A single M3 Ultra is fast for inference
- A framework desktop ai max 395 is only $2100
Now I have some more rabbit holes to jump down.
I like doing development work on a Mac, but this has to be my biggest bugbear with the system.
But would it be possible to utilize RoCE with these boxes rather than RDMA over Thunderbolt? And what would the expected performance be? As I understand RDMA should be 7-10 times faster than via TCP. But if I understand it correctly RoCE is RDMA over Converged Ethernet. So using ethernet frames and lower layer rather than TCP.
10G Thunderbolt adapters are fairly common. But you can find 40G and 80G Thunderbolt ethernet adapters from Atto. Probably not cheap - but would be fun to test! But ieven if the bandwidth is there we might get killed with latency.
Imagine this hardware with a PCIe slot. The Infiniband hardware is there - then we "just" need the driver.
Then you _just_ need the driver. Fascinating, Apple ships MLX5 drivers, that's crazy imo. I understand that's something they might need internally, but shipping that on ipadOs is wild. https://kittenlabs.de/blog/2024/05/17/25gbit/s-on-macos-ios/
It seems like every time someone does an AI hardware “review” we end up with figures for just a single instance, which simply isn’t how the target demographic for a 40k cluster are going to be using it.
Jeff, I love reading your reviews, but can’t help but feel this was a wasted opportunity for some serious benchmarking of LLM performance.
Instead we get gimmicks over Thunderbolt.
Does anyone remember a guy here posting about linking Mac Studios with Thunderbolt for HPC/clustering? I wasn't able to find it with a quick search.
Edit: I think it was this?
I definitely would not be buying an M3 Ultra right now on my own dime.
I have an M4 Max I can use to bridge any gap...
Which I guess is the point of this for Apple, but still.
But the industry knows this, and there’s a technology that is electrically compatible with PCIe that is intended for use as RAM among other things: CXL. I wonder if a anyone will ever build CXL over USB-C.
Texas Memory Systems was in the business of making large 'RAM Drives'. They had a product line known as "RamSan" which made many gigabytes/terabytes of DDR available via a block storage interface over infiniband and fibre channel. The control layer was implemented via FPGA.
I recall a press release from 2004 which publicized the US govt purchase of a 2.5TB RamSan. They later expanded into SSDs and were acquired by IBM in 2012.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Memory_Systems
https://www.lhcomp.com/vendors/tms/TMS-RamSan300-DataSheet.p...
https://gizmodo.com/u-s-government-purchases-worlds-largest-...
https://www.lhcomp.com/vendors/tms/TMS-RamSan20-DataSheet.pd...
https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/ibm-plans-acquire-texas-me...
I did not know this. I thought the `softwareupdate` command was built for this use case, and thought it worked over ssh. It sure looks like it should work, but I don’t have a mac I can try it on right now.
https://support.apple.com/guide/security/contents-a-localpol...
The manpage for the command provides information on credential usage on Apple Silicon devices.
It is a little sad that they gave someone an uber machine and this was the best he could come up with.
Question answering is interesting but not the most interesting thing one can do, especially with a home rig.
The realm of the possible
Video generation: CogVideoX at full resolution, longer clips
Mochi or Hunyuan Video with extended duration
Image generation at scale:
FLUX batch generation — 50 images simultaneously
Fine-tuning:
Actually train something — show LoRA on a 400B model, or full fine-tuning on a 70B
but I suppose "You have it for the weekend" means chatbot go brrrrr and snark
Yeah, that's what I wanted to see too.
Use them for something creative, write a short story on spec, generate images.
Or the best option: give it tools and let it actually DO something like "read my message history with my wife, find top 5 gift ideas she might have hinted at and search for options to purchase them" - perfect for a local model, there's no way in hell I'd feed my messages to a public LLM, but the one sitting next to me that I can turn off the second it twitches the wrong way? - sure.
Because web search is so broken these days, if you want a clean answer instead of wading through pages of SEO nonsense. It's really common (even) amongst non-techy friends that "I'll ask ChatGPT" has replaced "I'll Google it".
Why even…?
TL1 mount, where 1.5 TB allocate mac-mini server.
https://buildai.substack.com/p/kv-cache-sharding-and-distrib...
Seems like the ecosystem is rapidly evolving
Intel in particular has half a decade of having extremely amazing Thunderbolt ports on their mobile chips, built in (alas not present on desktop chips, for shame). There's been not bad but not great thunderbolt host-to-host networking, that TCP can go over, but the system to system connectivity had been a total afterthought, not at all tuned for obvious smart readily available options like RDMA here. But nothing stops anyone from having better host-to-host protocols.
There are also so many smart good excellent next steps competitors could go for. CXL is showing up on server systems as a much lighter weight much lower latency transport that is PCIe PHY compatible but lighter weight. Adding this to consumer chips and giving even a third of a shit could blow what we see here out of the water. It could probably be done over USB4 & radically blast this bespoke RDMA capability.
Connectivity had been a bespoke special capability for too long. Intel did amazing with Xeon having integrated OmniPath 100Gb a long time ago, that was amazing, for barely any extra bucks. But the market didn't reward them kicking total ass and everyone gave up on connecting chips together. Today we are hostage to fantastically expensive shitty inefficient NIC that cost a crap ton of money to do a worse job, paying enormous penalty for not having the capability on chip, making at best asmedia io hubs do the USB4 dance a hip away from the CPU.
I really hope Intel can appreciate how good they were, see the threat of Apple kicking as here doing what Intel uniquely has been offering for half a decade with incredible Thunderbolt offerings on-chip (limited alas only to mobile chips). I hope AMD feels the heat and gets some god dMned religion and sees the pressure and thread: man they delivered so strong on PCIe lane counts but man they have been so so so slacking on io capabilities for so long, especially on consumer platforms, and Apple is using both their awesome awesome awesome on-chip memory here and their fan-tastic exceptional ability to care just even the tiniest bit about using the consumer interconnect (that already exists in hardware).
I really really really hope someone else other than Apple can ante up and care. There are so many wins to be had, so close. These companies feel so distracted from the plot. Fucking shame. Good on Apple for being the only mofos to a Tually seize the obvious that was just sitting here, they took no effort nor innovation. What a shame no other players are trying at all.
No need for multiple computers talking over thunderbolt.
This seems suboptimal.
Hey, at least this post allows us to feel as though we spent the money ourselves.
Bravo!