https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/k...
In this way, NT is similar to Unix in that many things are just files part of one global VFS layout (the object manager name space).
Paths that start with drive letters are called a "DOSPath" because they only exist for DOS compatibility. But unfortunately, even in kernel mode, different sub systems might still refer to a DOSPath.
Powershell also exposes various things as "drives", pretty sure you could create your own custom drive as well for your custom app. For example, by default there is the 'hklm:\' drive path:
https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/scripting/sampl...
Get-PSDrive/New-PSDrive
You can't access certificates in linux/bash as a file path for example, but you can in powershell/windows.
I highly recommend getting the NtObjectManager powershell module and exploring about:
https://github.com/googleprojectzero/sandbox-attacksurface-a...
ls NtObject:\
I think you could make this same statement about *nix, except it's 10 years _worse_ (1970s). I strongly prefer the fhs over whatever MS thinks it's doing, but let's not pretend that the fhs isn't a pile of cruft (/usr/bin vs /bin, /etc for config, /media vs /mnt, etc)
Maybe some Windows wizards could get around the mandatory restrictions, but an average Linux user can get around the optional ones.
And anyway, there has to be a naming scheme; the naming scheme is abstracted from the storage scheme.
It's not the case that your /var and /usr are different drives; though it can be in a given installation.
Why get upset over /media vs /mnt? You do you, I know I do.
For example The Step CA docs encourage using /etc/step-ca/ (https://smallstep.com/docs/step-ca/certificate-authority-ser...) for configuration for their product. Normally I would agree but as I am manually installing this thing myself and not following any of the usual docs, I've gone for /srv/step-ca.
I think we get enough direction from the ... "standards" ... for Unix file system layouts that any reasonably incompetent admin can find out which one is being mildly abused today and get a job done. On Windows ... good luck. I've been a sysadmin for both platforms for roughly 30 years and Windows is even odder than Unix.
Why is the root of one of my drives `/` while the roots of my other drives are subdirectories of that first drive?
The point is that any filesystem can be chosen as the OS’s root.
The root of all other filesystems - there could be multiple per drive - is where you tell the filesystem to be mounted, or in your automounter’s special directory, usually /run/media, where it makes a unique serial or device path.
* clarity
But Gary Kildall didn't come up with the idea of drive letters in CP/M all on his own, he was likely influenced by TOPS-10[1] and CP/CMS[2], both from the late 60s.
[0] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/86-DOS
“The file system itself is 128 bit, allowing for 256 quadrillion zettabytes of storage. All metadata is allocated dynamically, so no need exists to preallocate inodes or otherwise limit the scalability of the file system when it is first created. All the algorithms have been written with scalability in mind. Directories can have up to 248 (256 trillion) entries, and no limit exists on the number of file systems or the number of files that can be contained within a file system.”
https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E19253-01/819-5461/6n7ht6qth/inde...
Don’t want to hit the quadrillion zettabyte limit..
It took me a minute to figure out that this was supposed to be 2^48, but even then that's ~281 trillion. What a weird time for the tera/tibi binary prefix confusion to show up, when there aren't even any units being used.
> I've completely missed this and would like to know more, may I be so bold as to request a link?
"A way out for a.out" https://lwn.net/Articles/888741/
"Linux 6.1 Finishes Gutting Out The Old a.out Code" https://www.phoronix.com/news/Linux-6.1-Gutting-Out-a.out (with links to two earlier articles)
While I understand the appeal of software longevity, and I think it's a noble and worthy pursuit, I also think there is an under-appreciated benefit in having unmaintained software less likely to function on modern operating systems. Especially right now, where the concept of serious personal computer security for normal consumers is arguably less than two decades old.
Or Wine, which is less reliable but funnier.
You'd expect Microsoft to support things because it doesn't make money for them anymore or some other calculated cost reason, but Microsoft is supporting old things few people use even when it costs them performance/secure edges.
Though personally, while I care a lot about using old software on new hardware, my desire to use new software on old hardware only goes so far back and 32 bit mainstream CPUs are out of that range.
Open source isn't where I'd expect abandonware to happen.
Linux goal is only for code compatibility - which makes complete sense given the libre/open source origins. If the culture is one where you expect to have access to the source code for the software you depend on, why should the OS developers make the compromises needed to ensure you can still run a binary compiled decades ago?
NTVDM leverages virtual 8086 mode which is unavailable while in long mode.
NTVDM would need to be rewritten. With alternatives like DOSBox, I can see why MSFT may not have wanted to dive into that level of backwards compat.
NTVDM as it existed Windows NT (3.1 through 10) for i386 leveraged V86 mode. NTVDM on Windows NT (e.g. 4.0) for MIPS, PowerPC, and Alpha, on the other hand, already had[1] a 16-bit x86 emulator, which was merely ifdefed out of the i386 version (making the latter much leaner).
Is it fair of Microsoft to not care to resurrect that nearly decade-old code (as of Windows XP x64 when it first became relevant)? Yes. Is it also fair to say that they would not, in fact, need to write a complete emulator from scratch to preserve their commitment to backwards compatibility, because they had already done that? Also yes.
[1] https://devblogs.microsoft.com/oldnewthing/20060525-04/?p=31...
> Lucovsky was more fastidious than Wood, but otherwise they had much in common: tremendous concentration, the ability to produce a lot of code fast, a distaste for excessive documentation and self-confidence bordering on megalomania. Within two weeks, they wrote an eighty-page paper describing proposed NT versions of hundreds of Windows APIs.
and chapter 6 mentions the NTFS spec being initially written in two weeks by Miller and one other person on Miller’s sailboat.
> Maritz decided that Miller could write a spec for NTFS, but he reserved the right to kill the file system before the actual coding of it began.
> Miller gathered some pens and pads, two weeks’ worth of provisions and prepared for a lengthy trip on his twenty-eight-foot sailboat. Miller felt that spec writing benefited from solitude, and the ocean offered plenty of it. [...] Rather than sail alone, Miller arranged with Perazzoli, who officially took care of the file team, to fly in a programmer Miller knew well. He lived in Switzerland.
> In August, Miller and his sidekick set sail for two weeks. The routine was easy: Work in the morning, talking and scratching out notes on a pad, then sail somewhere, then talk and scratch out more notes, then anchor by evening and relax.
(I’m still relatively confident that the Win32 spec was written in 1990; at the very least, Showstopper! mentions it being shown to a group of app writers on December 17 of that year.)
Of course software developers are still stuck with 80 column conventions even though we have 16x9 4K displays now… Didn’t that come from punchcards ???
This will generally work with everything using the Win32 C api.
You will however run into weird issues when using .Net, with sudden invalid paths etc.
80 characters per line is an odd convention in the sense that it originated from a technical limitation, but is in fact a rule of thumb perfectly familiar to any typesetting professional from long before personal computing became widespread.
Remember newspapers? Laying the text out in columns[0] is not a random quirk or result of yet another technology limitation. It is the same reason a good blog layout sets a conservative maximum width for when it is read on a landscape oriented screen.
The reason is that when each line is shorter, the entire thing becomes easier to read. Indeed, even accounting for legibility hit caused by hyphenation.
Up to a point, of course. That point may differ depending on the medium and the nature of the material: newspapers, given they deal with solid plain text and have other layout concerns, limit a line to around 50 characters; a book may go up to 80 characters. Given a program is not a relaxed fireside reading, I would place it closer to the former, but there are also factors and conventions that could bring acceptable line length up. For example, indentation and syntax highlighting, or typical identifier length (I’m looking at you, CNLabelContactRelationYoungerCousinMothersSiblingsDaughterOrFathersSistersDaughter), or editor capability to wrap lines nicely[1].
Finally, since the actual technical limitation is gone, it is actually not such a big deal to violate the line length rule on occasion.
[0] Relatedly, codebases roughly following the 80 character line length limitation unlock more interesting columnar layouts in editors and multiplexers.
[1] Isn’t the auto-wrap capability in today’s editors good enough that restricting line length is pointless at the authoring stage? Not really, and (arguably) especially not in case of any language that relies on indentation. Not that it could not be good enough, but considering code becomes increasingly write-only it seems unlikely we will see editors with perfect, context-sensitive, auto-wrap any time soon.
of typography and not be overly wide, lest my saccadic
motion leads my immersion and comprehension astray.
However when I read code I do not want to scan downwards to complete the semantics of a given expression because that will also break my comprehension and so when a line of code is long I'd prefer for it to remain long unless there are actually multiple clauses
and other conditionally chained
semantic elements
that are more easily read aloneCode isn’t prose. Code doesn’t always go to the line length limit then wrap, and prose doesn’t need a new line after every sentence. (Don’t nitpick this; you know what I’m saying)
The rules about how code and prose are formatted are different, so how the human brain finds the readability of each is necessarily different.
No code readability studies specifically looking for optimal line length have been done, to my knowledge. It may turn out to be the same as prose, but I doubt it. I think it will be different depending on the language and the size of the keywords in the language and the size of the given codebase. Longer keywords and method/function names will naturally lead to longer comfortable line lengths.
Line length is more about concepts per line, or words per line, than it is characters per line.
The 80-column limit was originally a technical one only. It has remained because of backwards compatibility and tradition.
Except 99.9% of times it's becomes 50 characters with 32pt font which occupies ~25% of the horizontal space on a 43".
"Good" my ass.
> even though we have 16x9 4K displays now
Pretty much no normal person uses those at 100% scaling though, so unless you're thinking of the fellas who use a TV for a monitor, that doesn't actually help so much:
- 100% scaling: 6 panels of 80 columns fit, no px go to waste
- 125% scaling: 4 panels of 80 columns fit, 64 px go to waste (8 cols)
- 150% scaling: 4 panels of 80 columns fit, no px go to waste
- 175% scaling: 3 panels of 80 columns fit, 274 px go to waste (34 cols)
- 200% scaling: 3 panels of 80 columns fit, no px go to waste
This sounds good until you need any additional side panels. Think line numbers, scrollbars, breakpoint indicators, or worse: minimaps, and a directory browser. A minimap is usually 20 cols/panel, a directory browser is usually 40 cols. Scrollbar and bp-indicator together 2 cols/panel. Line numbers, probably safe to say, no more than 6 cols/panel.
With 2 panels, this works out to an entire additional panel in overhead, so out of 3 panels only 2 remain usable. That's the fate of the 175% and 200% options. So what is the "appropriate" scaling to use?
Well PPI-wise, if you're rocking a 32" model, then 150%. If a 27" model, then 175%. And of course, given a 22"-23"-24" unit, then 200%. People of course get sold on these for the "additional screen real estate" though, so they'll instead sacrifice seeing the entire screen at once and will put on their glasses. Maybe you prefer to drop down by 25% for each of these.
All of this is to say, it's not all that unreasonable. I personally feel a bit more comfortable with a 100 col margin, but I do definitely appreciate when various files nicely keep to the 80 col mark, they're a lot nicer to work with side-by-side.
Some apps (in this case Steam) don't run "what is is space in current path" (despise say GetDiskFreeSpaceExW accepting full path just fine), they cut it to the drive letter, which causes them to display space of the root drive, not the actual directory that they are using and in my case was mounted as different partition
I was inspired by the Dr Seuss, "On beyond Zebra."
For example, Windows 11 has no backwards compatibility guarantees for DOS but operating systems that they do have backwards compatibility guarantees for do.
Enterprises need Microsoft to maintain these for as long as possible.
It is AMAZING how much inertia software has that hardware doesn’t, given how difficult each are to create.
[0] https://pnp.github.io/powershell/cmdlets/Connect-PnPOnline.h...
Fuse and p9 exist... If anyone wants certs by id in the filesystem, it will exist.
sure you can, /usr/share/ca-certificates tho you do need to run 'update-ca-certificates' (in debian derivatives) to update some files, like hashed symlinks in /etc/ssl/certs
there is also of course /sys|/proc for system stuff, but yes, nowhere near as integrated as windows registry
It works under Windows too.
Proof:
https://winclassic.net/thread/1852/reactos-registry-ntobject...
I don't understand what you mean by this. I can access them "as a file" because they are in fact just files
$ ls /etc/ca-certificates/extracted/cadir | tail -n 5
UCA_Global_G2_Root.pem
USERTrust_ECC_Certification_Authority.pem
USERTrust_RSA_Certification_Authority.pem
vTrus_ECC_Root_CA.pem
vTrus_Root_CA.pemThe difference is similar to being able to do 'ls /usr/bin/ls' vs 'ls /proc/12345/...' , the first is a literal file listing, the second is a way to access/manipulate the ls process (supposedly pid 12345). In windows, certificates are not just files but parsed/processed/validated usage specific objects. The same applies on Linux but it is up to openssl, gnutls,etc... to make sense of that information. If openssl/gnutls had a VFS mount for their view of the certificates on the system (and GPG!!) that would be similar to cert:\ in powershell.
A Linux equivalent of listing certificates through the Windows virtual file system would be something like listing /proc/self/tls/certificates (which doesn't actually exist, of course, because Linux has decided that stuff like that is the user's problem to set up and not an OS API).
PS Cert:\LocalMachine\Root\> ls
PSParentPath: Microsoft.PowerShell.Security\Certificate::LocalMachine\Root
Thumbprint Subject EnhancedKeyUsageList
---------- ------- --------------------
CDD4EEAE6000AC7F40C3802C171E30148030C072 CN=Microsoft Root C…
BE36A4562FB2EE05DBB3D32323ADF445084ED656 CN=Thawte Timestamp…
A43489159A520F0D93D032CCAF37E7FE20A8B419 CN=Microsoft Root A…
92B46C76E13054E104F230517E6E504D43AB10B5 CN=Symantec Enterpr…
8F43288AD272F3103B6FB1428485EA3014C0BCFE CN=Microsoft Root C…
7F88CD7223F3C813818C994614A89C99FA3B5247 CN=Microsoft Authen…
245C97DF7514E7CF2DF8BE72AE957B9E04741E85 OU=Copyright (c) 19…
18F7C1FCC3090203FD5BAA2F861A754976C8DD25 OU="NO LIABILITY AC…
E12DFB4B41D7D9C32B30514BAC1D81D8385E2D46 CN=UTN-USERFirst-Ob… {Code Signing, Time Stamping, Encrypting File System}
DF717EAA4AD94EC9558499602D48DE5FBCF03A25 CN=IdenTrust Commer…
DF3C24F9BFD666761B268073FE06D1CC8D4F82A4 CN=DigiCert Global …
I always love how linux fans do like to talk without any experience nor the will to get the said experience.
Not for certs specifically (that I know of) but Plan9 and it's derivaties are very hard on making everything VFS abstracted. Of course /proc , /sys and others are awesome, but there are still things that need their own FS view but are relegated to just 'files'. Like ~/.cache ~/.config and all the xdg standards. I get it, it's a standardized path and all, but what's being abstracted is here is not "data in a file" but "cache" and "configuration" (more specific), it should still be in a VFS path, but it shouldn't be a file that is exposed but an abstraction of "configuration settings" or "cache entries" backed by whatever thing you want (e.g.: redis, sqlite, s3,etc..). The windows registry (configuration manager is the real name btw) does a good job of abstracting configurations, but obviously you can't pick and choose the back-end implementation like you potentially could in Linux.
In theory, this is what dbus is doing, but through APIs rather than arbitrary path-key-value triplets. You can run your secret manager of choice and as long as it responds to the DBUS API calls correctly, the calling application doesn't know who's managing the secrets for you. Same goes for sound, display config, and the Bluetooth API, although some are "branded" so they're not quite interchangeable as they might change on a whim.
Gnome's dconf system looks a lot like the Windows registry and thanks to the capability to add documentation directly to keys, it's also a lot easier to actually use if you're trying to configure a system.
You can mount partitions under directories just like you can in Linux/Unix.
PowerShell has Add-PartitionAccessPath for this:
> mkdir C:\Disk
> Add-PartitionAccessPath -DiskNumber 1 -PartitionNumber 2 -AccessPath "C:\Disk"
> ls C:\Disk
It will persist through reboots too.
For permanently mounted drives, I'd pick symbolic links over mount points because this lets you do file system maintenance and such much easier on a per-drive level. You can still keep everything under C:\ and treat it like a weird / on Unix, but it you need to defragment your backup hard drive you won't need to beat the partition manager into submission to make the defragment button show up for your mounted path.
When you create/format the partition in the GUI tools it'll actually ask if you want to assign a drive letter or mount as a path as well.
Yea, over the years someone thought of something they wanted to do and then did it without a systematic consideration of what that level of power meant, especially as multi-user network connectivity and untrusted data became the norm.
As long as your code page doesn't have gaps, that should be doable. It'll definitely confuse the hell out of anyone who doesn't know about this setup, though!
Well there goes my plan to replace all my drive letters with emojis :(
For everything else, the best advice I can offer is that you can put your own autorun config file on the root of a drive to point the drive icon to a different resource. Though the path will stay boring, the GUI will show emoji everywhere, especially if you also enter emoji in the drive label.
For some reason I remember that the original xbox 360 had "drive letters" which were entire strings. Unfortunately I no longer have access to the developer docs and now I wonder if my mind completely made this up. I think it was something like "Game:\foo" and "Hdd0:\foo".
The Xenia emulator handles them with symbolic links in its virtual-file-system: https://github.com/xenia-canary/xenia-canary/blob/70e44ab6ec...
> Drives with a drive-letter other than A-Z do not appear in File Explorer, and cannot be navigated to in File Explorer.
Reminds me of the old-school ALT + 255 trick on Win9x machines where adding this "illegal trailing character" made the directory inaccessible from the regular file explorer.
It would likely break a lot of analysis tools and just generally make things very difficult.
There are a few other places where they also show up, but the MotW is the most prevalent one I've found. Most antivirus programs will warn you for unusual alternate data streams regardless of what they contain.
ADS was originally designed to support the HFS resource fork.
https://www.crowdstrike.com/en-us/blog/anatomy-of-alpha-spid...
AFAIK you need admin priviledges to play with drives in Windows.
I am working on a game where every player has system resources on a Linux computer. The basic idea is that some resources need to be shared or protected in some ways, such as files, but the core communication of the game client itself needs to be preserved without getting in the way of the real system environment.
I am using these abstract data sockets because they sidestep most other permissions in Linux. If you have the magic numbers to find the socket, you get access.
CMD also has the concept of a current drive, and of a per-drive current directory. (While “X:\” references the root directory of drive X, “X:” references whatever the current directory of drive X is. And the current directory, i.e. “.”, is the current directory of the current drive.) I wonder how those mesh with non-standard drive letters.
C:\> cd /D λ:\
λ:\> cd bar
λ:\bar> cd /D C:\
C:\> echo %=Λ:%
λ:\bar
C:\> cd /D Λ:
λ:\bar>And indeed, it looks like using `=` as a drive letter breaks things in an interesting way:
=:\> cd bar
Not enough memory resources are available to process this command.
=:\bar>
With a program that dumps the NULL terminated <key>=<value> lines of the environment block, it looks like it does still modify the environment, but in an unexpected way:
Before `cd /D =:\`, I had a line that looked like this (i.e. the per-drive CWD for C:\ was C:\foo):
=C:=C:\foo
=C:==:\
=:\foo> cd /D C:
=:\>
You might also be interested to know that '= in the name of an environment variable' is a more general edge case that is handled inconsistently on more than just Windows: https://github.com/ziglang/zig/issues/23331
A path like "f:myfile.txt" actually means f:\path\to\whatever\myfile.txt" where \path\to\whatever is the current working directory of the f drive.
This is one of the details which makes the replacement DLL more of a "native" run-time library, whose behavior is less surprising to Windows users of the applicaton based on it.
That may have been DOS 3.3, not later. IDK when it changed.
When you do that on windows, everybody loses their mind.
I wonder, does `subst I: .` create i: or ı: under the Turkish locale?
I never tried, but I wonder if you could use direct registry editing to create some really strange drive letters.
PS C:\Users\jtm> & 'C:\Program Files\Windows Defender\MpCmdRun.exe' -Scan -ScanType 3 -File '\\?\Volume{91ada2dc-bb55-4d7d-aee5-df40f3cfa155}\'
Scan starting...
Scan finished.
Scanning \\?\Volume{91ada2dc-bb55-4d7d-aee5-df40f3cfa155}\ found 1 threats.
Cleaning started...
Cleaning finished.
But for some reason, drive letters starting with C feel completely natural, too. Maybe it's because C is also the first note in the most widely known musical scale. We can totally afford to waste two drive letters at the start, right?
Our first home computer (1989 or 1990?) was a 386SX with a 40MB hard disk (so maybe we were bourgeois). My dad had to partition it into a 32MB C drive and an 8MB D drive, because the DOS version (3.3?) had a 32MB maximum filesystem size. It had two separate 5.25 inch floppy drives, a 1.2MB and a 360KB - although the 1.2MB drives could read 360KB disks, they couldn’t write them in a form readable by 360KB drives, or something like that. And later (circa 1991) we got a 3.5 inch floppy drive too, which became drive A, the 1.2MB became drive B, and the 360KB was relegated to drive E. The FDC that came with the computer (back then they were ISA cards, hadn’t been integrated with the motherboard yet) only supported two drives, so he had to buy a new one that supported four.
the linked source checks out. diskcopy will also do this for you if you give it source = dest.
My first contact with PCs was in 1988 and they all had HDDs and were definitely not "IBM PC" but clones. That said, that's just my experience so YMMV.
MIT, where I was at school then, had some IBM PC XTs with 10 MB hard drives, but most of their computer resources were time-sharing DEC VAX machines. You could go to one of several computer labs to get on a terminal, or even dial into them--I did the latter from my PC (the one above) using a 2400 baud modem, which was fast for the time.
We had a dumb "computer literacy" class taught in an computer lab full of PS/2 Model 25s with no hard drives, and were each issued a bootable floppy disk containing both Microsoft Works and our assignment files (word processing documents, spreadsheets, etc.), which we turned in at the end of class for grading.
We started Works in the usual way, by typing "works" at the MS-DOS prompt.
One day, out of boredom, I added "PROMPT Password:" to AUTOEXEC.BAT on my disk, changing the DOS prompt from "A:\>" to "Password:" when booted from my disk.
Two days later, I got called into the dean's office, where the instructor demanded to know how I used my disk to "hack the network" — a network that, up until this point, I didn't even know existed, as the lab computers weren't connected to anything but power — and "lock me out of my computer", and threatened suspension unless and until I revealed the password.
After a few minutes trying to explain that no password existed to a "computer literacy" instructor who clearly had no idea what either AUTOEXEC.BAT or the DOS prompt was, nor why booting a networked computer from a potentially untrustworthy floppy disk was a terrible idea, I finally gave in.
"Fine. The password is works. Can I go now?"
On my laptop, D is the SD card slot. On my desktop, it's the 2nd SSD.
We used to set our machines so the CD-ROM was always drive L. This way we always had 'room' to add HDs so there was no gap in the alphabetical sequence. Drive D - data drive, E - swapfile, etc.
Test and external drives (being temporary) were assigned letters further down than L. Sticking reasonably rigidly to this nomenclature avoided stuff-up such as cloning an empty drive onto one with data on it (cloning was a frequent activity).
Incidentally, this rule applied to all machines, a laptop with HD would have C drive and L as the CD-ROM. Machines with multiple CD-ROMs would be assigned L, M and so on.
I mainly did it so that CD installs wouldn’t lose their install drive since even Windows tracked it by the absolute path. Not as important with everything installed by download and Windows copying the install media to the hard drive anyway.
Between CD/DVD drives, writers, Zip Drives, and extra hard drives, it wasn't unusual for a workstation to naturally end up with G: or H:, before mapped network storage became common.
As another commenter mentioned, when you didn't have a second floppy drive, A: and B: mapped to two floppy disks in the same floppy drive, with DOS pausing and asking you to insert the other floppy disk when necessary. Which explains why, even on single-floppy computers, the hard disk was at C: and not B: (and since so much software ended up expecting it, the convention continued even on computers without any floppy disk drive).
I also use the drive letter assignment feature, so my external USB drive is always drive X.
If anyone adds this behaviour as a bet on a market about a future CVE or severity, can they add a link to the bet here?
So it’s fixed. What’s windows’ excuse? :-)
\\.\Volume{3558506b-6ae4-11eb-8698-806e6f6e6963}\Windows NT and UNIX are much more similar than many people realize; Windows NT just has a giant pile of Dos/Win9x compatibility baked on top hiding how great the core kernel design actually is.
I think this article demonstrates that very well.
Fixed that for you. It used to be normal to use the device path (/dev/hd* or /dev/sd*) to reference the filesystem partitions. Using the UUID or the by-id symlink instead is a novelty, introduced precisely to fix these device enumeration order issues.
Two other people were able to concisely explain the problem instead of being rude and condescending.
Only if the machine's BIOS is configured to give bootable USB devices boot-order priority. So it's not about Linux -- in fact, the same thing would happen on a Windows machine.
Remember that in a properly configured Linux install, the boot partition is identified by UUID, not hardware identifier (in /etc/fstab). Consequently if you change a drive's hardware connection point, the system still boots.
I think the concept of drive letters is flawed.
Otherwise, the drive letter is allocated statically and won't be used by another volume.
I regularly have this conversation with my end-user neighbor -- I explain that he has once again written his backup archive onto his original because he plugged in his Windows USB drives in the wrong sequence. His reply is, more or less, "Are computers still that backward?" "No," I reply, "Windows is still that backward."
The good news is that Linux is more sophisticated. The bad news is that Linux users must be more sophisticated as well. But this won't always be true.
Edit: Also /dev/sdX paths in Linux are not stable. They can and do vary across boot, since Linux 5.6.
Not better at all, which is why Linux uses partition UUIDs to identify specific storage partitions, regardless of hardware identifiers. This isn't automatic, the user must make it happen, which explains why Linux users need to know more than Windows users (and why Linux adoption is stalled).
> Edit: Also /dev/sdX paths in Linux are not stable. They can and do vary across boot, since Linux 5.6.
Yes, true, another reason to use partition UUIDs.
> Plan 9 takes the everything is a file concept to its logical conclusion and is much better designed.
It's a shame that Plan 9 didn't get traction -- too far ahead of its time I guess.
One vision is "medium-centric". You might want paths to always be consistently relative to a specific floppy disc regardless of what drive it's in, or a specific Seagate Barracuda no matter which SATA socket it was wired to.
Conversely it might make more sense to think about things in a "slot-centric" manner. The left hand floppy is drive A no matter what's in it. The third SATA socket is /dev/sdc regardless of how many drives you connected and in what order.
Either works as long as it's consistent. Every so often my secondary SSD swaps between /dev/nvme0 and /dev/nvme1 and it's annoying.
> Conversely it might make more sense to think about things in a "slot-centric" manner. The left hand floppy is drive A no matter what's in it. The third SATA socket is /dev/sdc regardless of how many drives you connected and in what order.
A third way, which I believe is what most users actually want, is a "controller-centric" view, with the caveat that most "removable media" we have nowadays has its own built-in controller. The left hand floppy is drive A no matter what's in it, the top CD-ROM drive is drive D no matter what's in it, but the removable Seagate Expansion USB drive containing all your porn is drive X no matter which USB port you plugged it in, because the controller resides together with the media in the same portable plastic enclosure. That's also the case for SCSI, SATA, or even old-school IDE HDDs; you'd have to go back to pre-IDE drives to find one where the controller is separate from the media. With tape, CD/DVD/BD, and floppy, the controller is always separate from the media.
You could even reference media that was not loaded at the time (e.g. GAMEDISK2:) and the OS would ask you to insert it into any drive. And there were "virtual" devices (assigns) that could point to a specific directory on a specific device, like LIBRARIES:
You can use mountvol command to see the mount-letter/GUID mapping.
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=17652502
VMS expects to be run as a cluster of machines with a single drive system. How that actually happens is “hidden” from user view, and what you see are “logicals”, which can be stacked on top of each other and otherwise manipulated by a user/process without affecting the underlying file system. The results can be insane in the hands of inexperienced folks. But that is where NT came from.