For example, by 11th or 12th grade you should, in theory, have all the necessary tools to get a perfect score on the AMC10/12. However, unsurprisingly, very few people actually do.
Thats why these interviews are hard, they don't actually require anything that advanced. I hate to use "IQ" as a metric but these types of questions/interviews tend to screen more for raw skill than they do for knowledge. They require you to actually understand and think about the problem (and execute within a short timeframe), which, as others have already mentioned, is nontrivial for the vast majority of people.
Source: was at a similar trading firm and known several people at other firms (incl Js).